What future for the traumatised Jews of Halle?

But like their forebears, the survivors rebuilt, consecrating a new synagogue in 1953 in another part of the city, on Humboldtstrasse. The building had previously served as the funeral hall of the adjacent Jewish cemetery, before being used by the Nazis as one of several Jewish premises in Halle in which to ghettoise the city’s Jews.

Yet the aura of death was difficult to overcome; when the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, just five elderly members remained. The Halle Jewish community was all but gone.

However, extraordinarily, the collapse of the Soviet Union changed everything. Jews from the FSU were permitted to settle in Germany. But under the terms of the 1991 Quota Refugee Law they couldn’t choose where they wanted to live in the newly reunified country; instead they were distributed among the country’s states. And so, by 2004, the Jewish community of Halle in the state of Saxony-Anhalt had 731 members.

In fact, for a short period around the turn of the 21st century, Germany had the fastest growing Jewish population in the world. But following years of oppression in the Soviet Union, many Jews who came from there arrived with deeply fragmented Jewish identities.

Thus, in spite of the population boost, building and sustaining Jewish life in Germany has been tough. According to official German Jewish community statistics, today the Halle community has 555 members, almost half of whom are aged 60-plus. Only 66 are aged 18 or under.

It was this community that was brutally attacked on Yom Kippur. The fifty or so local congregants in the Humboldtstrasse Synagogue that day, bolstered by a dozen or so young Jewish expats from the US and a smattering of others, survived the assault largely by luck; despite their assailant’s best attempts to shoot his way through the door, he couldn’t break through.

Two non-Jewish bystanders were less fortunate: the killer gunned down a 40-year-old woman as she approached him on the street, and shot dead a 20-year-old man in a nearby kebab shop.

So now there is a second Jewish portal in Halle rich in symbolism. A second door, this one still intact and attached to a small functioning synagogue, but scarred by gunfire.

But the demographer in me says that the door of the Humboldstrasse Synagogue may well be heading for a similar destiny to the portal on Jerusalemer Platz. Statistically, communities with such small numbers and top-heavy age structures simply don’t have a long-term future.

The sociologist in me concurs: few community members are likely to have robust enough Jewish identities to successfully negotiate the challenges of modernity, never mind the trauma of an antisemitic assault.

So as much as the romantic in me wants to believe that Halle’s Jews in 2019 can rebuild like Halle’s Jews of the past, I seriously doubt it. Socio-demographic trends are against them; the impact of the attack only makes matters worse.

The future of Jewish life in places like Halle is extremely precarious even without antisemitism; it will take an extraordinary effort now, both from Jews and German authorities, to secure it.

Jonathan Boyd is executive director of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR)