I was recently asked to write the foreword to a publication being produced by the Adam Science Foundation to mark the 20th anniversary of its leadership programme. Named after the late Adam Science (z"l), who tragically died in 1991 aged just 27, the programme has had great success in developing the next generation of lay and professional leadership within Anglo-Jewry. It has helped to produce leaders and leadership for a new age with its old-new challenges.
The phrase "Jewish leadership" is ambiguous. It means leadership by Jews, but it also means leadership in a Jewish way, according to Judaic principles and values. The first is common, the second rare. Throughout my life, it has been a privilege to witness both. So by way of saying thank you for the past and giving blessings for the future, I have set out below seven of the many axioms of leadership done in a Jewish way.
Principle one: Leadership begins with the taking of responsibility. To understand this, we can draw a contrast between the opening of the book of Genesis and the opening of the book of Exodus. The opening chapters of Genesis are about failures of responsibility. Confronted by God with their sin, Adam blames Eve, while Eve blames the serpent. Cain says: "Am I my brother's keeper?" Even Noah, who is described as "righteous, perfect in his generations," has no effect on his contemporaries.
By contrast, at the beginning of Exodus, Moses takes responsibility. When he sees that an Egyptian is beating an Israelite, he intervenes. When he sees two Israelites fighting, he intervenes. In Midian, when he sees shepherds abusing the daughters of Yitro, he intervenes. Moses, an Israelite who was brought up as an Egyptian, could have avoided each one of these confrontations, yet he chose not to. He is the supreme case of one who says: "When I see wrong, if no one else is prepared to act, I will."
At the heart of Judaism are three beliefs about leadership: We are free. We are responsible. And together we can change the world.
Visit David Ben Gurion’s house and you will see that it is essentially a library with 20,000 books
Principle two: No one can lead alone. Seven times in Genesis 1, we hear the word "tov", meaning "good." Only twice in the whole Torah does "lo tov", meaning "not good," appear. The first is when God says: "It is not good for man to be alone." The second is when Yitro sees his son-in-law Moses leading alone, and says: "What you are doing is not good." We cannot live alone and, likewise, we cannot lead alone. Leadership is teamsmanship.
One corollary of this is that there is no one leadership style in Judaism. During the wilderness years, there were three leaders: Moses, Miriam and Aaron. Moses was close to God. Aaron was close to the people. Miriam led the women and sustained her two brothers. The sages say it was in her merit that there was water to drink in the desert.
During the biblical era, there were three different leadership roles: kings, priests and prophets. The king was a political leader, while the priest was a religious leader and the prophet was a visionary, a man or woman of ideals and ideas. We can take from this that, in Judaism, leadership is an emergent property of multiple roles and perspectives. No one person can lead the Jewish people.
Principle three: Leadership is about the future, it is vision-driven. Before Moses can lead he has to experience a vision at the burning bush. There, he is told his task: to lead the people from slavery to freedom. He has a destination: the land flowing with milk and honey. He is given a double challenge: to persuade the Egyptians to let the Israelites go, and to persuade the Israelites to take the risk of going. The latter, of course, turns out to be more difficult than the former.
Along the way, Moses performs signs and wonders. Yet his greatest leadership act occurs in the last month of his life, at the point when he gathers the people together on the bank of the Jordan and delivers the speeches that constitute the book of Deuteronomy.
There, he rises to the greatest heights of prophecy, his eyes turned to the furthest horizon of the future. He tells the people of the challenges they will face in the Promised Land. He gives them laws. He sets forth his vision of the good society. He institutes principles, such as the septennial national assembly at which the Torah was to be recited, that will periodically recall Israel to its mission.
The implication of this is that, before you can lead, you must have a vision of the future and be able to communicate it to others.
Principle four: Leaders learn. They study more than others. They read more than others. Of the king, the Torah says that he must write his own Sefer Torah, which "must always be with him, and he shall read from it all the days of his life" (Deuteronomy. 17: 19). Joshua, Moses' successor, is commanded: "Keep this Book of the Law always on your lips; meditate on it day and night" (Joshua. 1: 8). Without constant study, leadership lacks direction and depth.
This is so even in secular leadership. William Gladstone, the 19th-century prime minister, had a library of more than 30,000 books. He read more than 20,000 of them. Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli were both prolific writers. Winston Churchill wrote some 50 books and won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Visit David Ben Gurion's house in Tel Aviv and you will see that it is essentially a library with 20,000 books. Study makes the difference between the statesman and the politician; it is the dividing line between the transformative leader and the manager.
Principle five: Leadership means believing in the people you lead. The rabbis gave a remarkable interpretation of the passage where Moses says about the Israelites: "They will not believe in me." God said to Moses: "They are believers, the children of believers, but in the end you will not believe." They also said that the sign God gave Moses when his hand became leprous (Exodus. 4:6) was a punishment for casting doubt on the Israelites. A leader must have faith in the people he or she leads.
T here is a profound principle at stake here. Judaism prefers the leadership of influence to the leadership of power. Kings had power, whereas prophets had influence but no power at all. Power lifts the leader above the people. Influence lifts the people above their former selves. Influence respects people; power controls people. Judaism, which has the highest view of human dignity of any major religion, is therefore deeply sceptical about power and deeply serious about influence. Hence one of Judaism's greatest insights into leadership: the highest form of leadership is teaching. Power begets followers. Teaching creates leaders.
Principle six: Leadership involves a sense of timing and pace. When Moses asks God to choose his successor, he says: "May the Lord, the God who gives breath to all living things, appoint someone over this community to go out before them and come in before them, who will lead them out and bring them in" (Numbers. 27: 16-17). Why the apparent repetition?
Moses is saying two things about leadership here. A leader must lead from the front: he or she must "go out before them". But, equally, a leader must not be so far out in front that, when he turns around, he finds no one following. He must "lead them out," meaning that he must carry people with him. He must go at a pace that people can bear.
One of Moses' deepest frustrations - we sense it throughout the biblical narrative - is the sheer time it takes for people to change. In the end, it would take a new generation and a new leader to lead the people across the Jordan and into the promised land. Hence the rabbis' great saying: "It is not for you to complete the task, but neither are you free to desist from it."
Leadership involves a delicate balance between impatience and patience. Go too fast and people resist and rebel. Go too slow and they become complacent. Transformation takes time, often more than a single generation.
Principle seven: Leadership is stressful and emotionally demanding. Listen to Moses, the greatest leader the Jewish people ever had: "Did I conceive all these people? Did I give them birth? Why do you tell me to carry them in my arms, as a nurse carries an infant, to the land you promised on oath to their ancestors?… I cannot carry all these people by myself; the burden is too heavy for me. If this is how you are going to treat me, please go ahead and kill me - if I have found favour in your eyes - and do not let me face my own ruin" (Numbers. 11: 11-15).
You can find similar sentiments in the words of Elijah, Jeremiah and Jonah. All at some stage prayed to die rather than carry on. Transformative leaders see the need for people to change. But people resist change and expect the work to be done for them by the leader. When the leader hands the challenge back, the people then turn on him and blame him for their troubles. So Moses is to blame for the hardships of the desert. Elijah is to blame for disturbing the peace. Jeremiah is to blame for the Babylonians. No wonder that the most transformative leaders feel, at times, burnout and despair.
Why then do they lead? Not because they believe in themselves. The greatest Jewish leaders doubted their ability to lead. Moses said: "Who am I?" and "they will not believe in me," and "I am not a man of words." Isaiah said: "I am a man of unclean lips. Jeremiah said: "I cannot speak for I am a child." Jonah, faced with the challenge of leadership, ran away.
Leaders lead because there is work to do, there are people in need, there is injustice to be fought, there is wrong to be righted, there are problems to be solved and challenges ahead. Leaders hear this as a call to light a candle instead of cursing the darkness. They lead because they know that to stand idly by and expect others to do the work is the too-easy option. The responsible life is the best life there is, and is worth all the pain and frustration. To lead is to serve - the highest accolade Moses ever received was to be called "eved Hashem" - "God's servant" - and there is no higher honour.
There are challenges ahead for British and world Jewry and for the people and state of Israel. The return of antisemitism is one. The isolation of Israel is another. A third is the erosion of Jewish identity at the edges of affiliation and commitment.
In truth these are all symptoms of the single overarching question of Jewish existence in the modern age. What is it to live as a Jew in the public domain, in a world without walls? Jews know how to live with poverty. Do we know how to live with affluence? Jews know how to survive persecution. Do we know how to handle freedom? We know how to recognise enemies. Do we know how to make friends? Our destiny is in our hands, and if we seek a better world we are going to have to do it ourselves.
N ever in history has there been a better time to be a Jewish leader. For the first time in 4,000 years of history we have independence and sovereignty in Israel, rights and equality throughout the diaspora. In Britain, we have a higher percentage of children at Jewish schools than at any other stage of our 356-year history. Jews and the Jewish voice are respected in the public domain. And although there are dangerous elements at the fringes of society, Britain remains a fundamentally tolerant society.
There is a right way for future Jewish leadership to go, and a wrong way. The wrong way is to emphasise antisemitism and the assaults on Israel, to exaggerate the tensions between the different streams in Jewish life, and to bemoan the lack of Jewish leadership. The right way is to make friends within and beyond the Jewish community, to emphasise the ethical and spiritual dimensions of Judaism, to find social action projects we can work on across other divides, and to find ways of making Jews feel proud to be Jews.
Lord Sacks is Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations