He is currently being treated in hospital where he is thought to be in a serious condition.
He is apparently known to his alleged attacker, who fled the synagogue.
Melbourne Jewish community security group has issued a report stating that the offender was intoxicated.
All venues in the St Kilda East and Caulfield areas were placed into lock-down following the incident.
A police spokesperson told the JC: "Police have arrested a 46-year-old man following a stabbing in Hotham Street, St Kilda East on Saturday.
"He has been charged with intentionally causing serious injury, recklessly causing serious injury and assault with a weapon.
"He was bailed to appear at Melbourne magistrates court on September 23."
