Mr Cameron told Lord Sacks he was "grateful for the continued involvement of the Jewish community in Britain in their efforts to help find peace" in the Middle East.
The pair also discussed their memories of Baroness Thatcher at the meeting, which took place following her funeral last Wednesday.
Lord Sacks said: "It's always an honour be invited to Downing Street to meet the Prime Minister.
"I had the opportunity to discuss issues of concern and interest to the British Jewish community and thank Prime Minister David Cameron personally for his continued friendship and support."
Since becoming Chief Rabbi in 1991, Lord Sacks has met four Prime Ministers at Downing Street.